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UK by-election records is an annotated list of notable records from UK Parliamentary by-elections. A by-election occurs when a Member of Parliament resigns, dies, or is disqualified or expelled, and an election is held to fill the vacant seat. A constituency is the seat or division that member represented. Prior to 1945, electoral competition in the United Kingdom exhibited features that make meaningful comparisons with modern results difficult. Among the most significant were: *Frequent interventions and withdrawals of parties in different seats. *Frequent Coalitions between parties, splits within parties and floor-crossing by members. *Uncontested elections and truces between parties, in particular during both World Wars. *Generally more significant competition from independent candidates and minor parties. *Multi-member seats and University seats. *Higher frequency of by-elections. *Generally higher turnouts, although several wartime elections exhibited the lowest recorded turnouts. *Generally higher variation in size of constituency electorates. Since 1945, the evolution of a stable three-party system has tended to negate each of the above features so that, broadly speaking, elections are more comparable. In Northern Ireland, as ever, the pattern of party competition is completely different from that on the mainland and comparisons remain problematic. Hence, unless otherwise stated records are based on results since the 1945 General Election, and earlier exceptional results are listed separately. For comparison purposes the following definitions have been adopted. *Gain - victory by a party that was not victorious at the immediate previous election *Loss - defeat of a party that was victorious at the immediate previous election *Hold - victory by a party that was victorious at the immediate previous election *Win - victory by a party. ambiguous term that could mean either a gain or a hold *Incumbent - the party that held the seat at the immediately previous election, irrespective of any intervening change of candidate or candidate's change of party *Third party - In England, since 1922, the "third party" has been the Liberal Party and its successor, the Liberal Democrats. Additionally, in Scotland and Wales the Scottish National Party (SNP) and Plaid Cymru are also considered to be third parties. Prior to 1922, the third party was the Labour Party. *Minor party - parties smaller than the third party *Uncontested - an election where only one candidate is put forward. No votes are actually cast and the candidate is by definition the victor. ==Numerical records== For more information about what is meant by the term "swing", see Swing (politics) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「United Kingdom by-election records」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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